Ebook Download The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

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The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

Ebook Download The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

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Review

"Written with scholarly rigor and great erudition, this volume will be warmly received by supporters of the views that the Indus Valley script is a proto-Dravidian language and that continuities exist between IVC and Hinduism. Highly recommended."--CHOICE"A highly innovative and welcome volume, bringing together the linguistic and archaeological evidence for the cultures that underlie Hinduism. Asko Parpola is uniquely well qualified to undertake this, through his major research on the Vedas and Vedic ritual and on the Indus Civilization, combined with an excellent understanding of the archaeological evidence beyond India itself. No one interested in any of these fields can afford to miss it." --J.L. Brockington, Emeritus Professor of Sanskrit, University of Edinburgh; Vice President, International Association of Sanskrit Studies "The Roots of Hinduism is undoubtedly a major contribution -- like Parpola's earlier book on deciphering the Indus script -- to the understanding of the Indus civilisation, the Aryan migrations into India, and the development of Hinduism." --Current World Archaeology

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About the Author

Asko Parpola is Professor Emeritus of Indology and South Asian Studies at the University of Helsinki.

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Product details

Paperback: 384 pages

Publisher: Oxford University Press; 1 edition (August 12, 2015)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0190226927

ISBN-13: 978-0190226923

Product Dimensions:

7 x 1 x 10 inches

Shipping Weight: 1.8 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

3.7 out of 5 stars

10 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#889,781 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

Thanks to Parpola for this eminently readable book on the aryans and indus script. I was bit skeptical when i bought this book as i thought the contents may go over the head of a lay person like me. However, the author has provided proper context and explained the prevalent view and his own view on various topics dealt in the book.His purported decipherment of the indus script sounds very plausible but it can only be an educated guess given the large number of assumptions that he makes.Overall a good book that leaves you yearning to know more about linguistics and ancient texts. The critical reviews seem to belong to a particular political hue and i would love to read a balanced review from an expert in this field.

A great synthesis of Indian History using Archaeology, Vedic Philology and Linguistics. This work is a summary of 50+ years of the wide-ranging research that Prof. Asko Parpola has done and published in specialized articles and brings up to date his 1994 book. For unraveling of the ancient history of India, three significant discoveries are brought together: (1) Discovery of Indo-European languages and Sanskrit's place in it (2) Dravidian language family and its oldest texts, called Sangam literature of Tamil (3) Discovery of Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) in the 1920s. This book shows an earlier form of Dravidian language was spoken by the authors and elites of IVC, even though like modern India, IVC was multi-lingual. This important book is an important contribution on par with Robert Caldwell's book on Dravidian language family (1856 CE) in demonstrating Tamil and other Dravidian languages' role in the formation of "Village Hinduism". A major factor in Indian society is Caste and the system which shows the formation is in Sangam texts [a]. The intertwining nature of the two classical languages of India - Tamil and Sanskrit - in the fundamental elements of ancient Indian society and religion is brought out beautifully. For example, Dravidian "niira" (water) becomes "niila" to denote blue/black color. Similarly, Parpola suggests Meru, the cosmic mountain's name is from Dravidian "Melu-" ('upper, top, peak"). Also, Vaac, cognate with Latin "vox", is Sanskrit. In Hinduism's concept, Vaac is a loan translation of Dravidian viL/veL, connected with vEL, a name of god Murukan, chieftains and land lords in Tamil. Genetics also proves the language shift in North India around 3000 years ago with small number of Indo-European speakers ingressing, just as it happened 400 years ago in Central and South Americas.Parpola's work discusses two major waves of Aryan language speakers entering via the Northwest of India from Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). This happened around 1800 BCE ("Atharvavedic") and then ~1400 BCE ("Rgvedic"). The first wave of "Atharvavedic" folks connected with VaruNa worship merged with the earlier Harappan crocodile god [b & c]. In the Post-Harappan phase, when BMAC folks moved in and the language shift in North India was going on, the continuity of Harappan religion can be shown using the bronze Anthropomorphic Axe sculptures found from Haryana to Uttar Pradesh. Yamuna and Ganga doab valley with Yamuna river name connected with Yaamai 'turtle' in ancient Dravidian and IVC's gharial god is the symbol of the Ganga river. Post-Harappan "Anthropomorphic Axe" sculptures are made as huge monolithic sculptures in south India during the Early Iron Age "megalithic" period. This continuity of crocodile worship from Indus civilization to Iron Age Tamil country shown from archaeology and Sangam era coins gives clinching evidence that the IVC authors were Dravidian language speakers.[a] Early Evidence of Caste from Sangam literature,http://www.tamilnation.co/caste/hart.pdf[b] Gharial god and Tiger goddess in the Indus valley, Some aspects of Bronze Age Indian Religion, 2007https://archive.org/stream/IVCReligionByNagaGanesan2007/IVC_religion_by_Naga_Ganesan_2007#page/n0/mode/2up[c] A Dravidian Etymology for Makara - Crocodile, 2011https://archive.org/stream/MakaraADravidianEtymology2011/Makara_a_Dravidian_etymology_2011#page/n0/mode/2upIn March 2016, Proceedings of 16th World Sanskrit Conference will be published in Bangkok, Thailand. In it, the following paper of mine discusses the Tamil country's early religion derived from IVC crocodile deity. Indus Crocodile Religion as seen in the Iron Age Tamil NaduAbstract: This article is about some aspects of Indian religion in the Post-Harappan period providing a link to the Indus Valley Civilization seen in its Bronze Age seals. The meaning of the anthropomorphic axes found in the Indo-Gangetic doab plains of the Second Millennium BC as a ritual symbol of a Makara (crocodile) god will be presented. The characteristic fish sign pointing to the Dravidian language spoken by the elite Harappans has long been explored from the days of Fr. H. Heras, SJ. However, the importance of crocodiles in IVC culture is recently coming to light (A. Parpola, 2011). When this Crocodile cult disappears and gets forgotten in North India, it appears as large monolithic sculptures in the megalithic South. An interpretation of the Tamil Brahmi inscription at Tirupparankunram, near the ancient Pandyan capital Madurai, discovered by History department, Pondicherry University will be offered as mentioning the crocodile god and his spouse. The Asvamedha sacrifice on the banks of a Water Tank was performed for a crocodile as evidenced in Pandyan Peruvaluti and Chera coins. Graffiti symbols from Sanur and Sulur as linguistic sign for the crocodile deity, and the crocodile couple in Adichanallur burial urn (500 BCE) along with the battle-axe bearing great god in Sangam poetry will be used to illustrate the prevalence of the crocodile based religion until the Early Sangam period. The first stone sculpture made in south India at such places as Mottur, Udaiyarnatham, - monumental in size, over ten feet tall -, in the Iron Age will be linked to the earlier metallic Anthropomorphic Axes in the Yamuna-Gangetic doab, found in many Post-Harappan Ochre Colored Pottery sites of North India. The lecture will include etymology of Dravidian names such as ViTankar, Nakar, Ghaá¹›iaal, Makara, Karaa for the three species of Indian crocodiles. Finally, an interpretation of Gudimallam ViTankar (Lingam) as Varuna, rather than as Siva assumed by earlier scholars like A. K. Coomaraswamy, is offered. In the subsequent Pallava period, development of Tantric Saivism includes the tantric term ViTankar applied more broadly for the forms of Siva like naked Bhiksaaá¹­ana and Somaskanda.N. Ganesan, PhDHouston, Texas, USAThe Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

This is an important book, one that attempts to cut through the mists that surround the Indo-Aryans and their provenance and the early Dravidians. Parpola uses archeological and linguistic evidence to trace the migrations of the Indo-Aryans and other IE groups in the second and third millennia BCE, and he puts forward some fascinating and cogent ideas about the settling of northwest South Asia by waves of Indo-Aryan speakers. He argues persuasively that the Indus Valley people were Dravidians, though unfortunately there is no evidence that clinches this. I would recommend this book highly, especially for the way it traces various Indo-European groups on their way to India and for Parpola's ideas about the Indus-Valley civilization. I found his ideas about the changing composition of northwest South Asia in the second millennium BCE especially enlightening and compelling.

This extremely thought-provoking book is a must for anyone interested in the development of early Hinduism. His interrelating of evidence from both linguistics and ethnography provides much to think about and research further.

Riveting book. Every page has new ideas.

Parpola's new book successfully brings his many years of thinking and research into a coherent whole for the less scholarly reader. He discusses a lot of new evidence about the BMAC culture in Central Asia and steppe migration all over the region in the fourth and fifth millenniums (5000-3000 BCE). Lots of great new research. Central Asian and European archaeology have moved far ahead in the last decades and it is getting much easier to date things. Technology like isotope analysis is enabling new facts to appear.Visual evidence like seals and inscribed Indus objects are analyzed in detail by Parpola. One may not know enough to follow some arguments, but the tracing back of certain themes to Mesopotamian ones, the decipherment of the fish and star (suggested before Parpola, and which others like Iravatham Mahadevan concur with), the growing morsels of evidence connecting Indus icons to the earliest history of Tamil South India (some Tamil tribes, as is well known, claim lineage from Punjab) - all of this still amounts to a fragmented and incomplete picture, but no one is better at taking you through it than Asko Parpola. Word and root affinities between Sanskrit and steppe languages are diverse and well-evidenced. Many of the seal interpretations seem reasonable, but are not proven until there is a compelling bilingual inscription, of which there are as yet none. Sometimes it all falls together so nicely as with Parpola's derivation of squirrel and its connection to Sanskrit and Dravidian etymologies and Tamil words used today.A humble, so well-informed and deeply thoughtful picture. A must read for anyone who wants to understand the Indus script and the latest research.

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